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English novel
The English novel is an important part of English literature. This article focuses on novels, written in English, by novelists who were born or have spent a significant part of their lives in England, or Scotland, or Wales, or Northern Ireland (or Ireland before 1922). However, given the nature of the subject, this guideline has been applied with common sense, and reference is made to novels in other languages or novelists who are not primarily British where appropriate.
==Early novels in English==
(詳細はDaniel Defoe's ''Robinson Crusoe'' (1719) and ''Moll Flanders'' (1722),〔"Defoe", ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'', ed. Margaret Drabble. (Oxford: Oxforsd University Press,1996), p. 265.〕 though John Bunyan's ''The Pilgrim's Progress'' (1678) and Aphra Behn's ''Oroonoko'' (1688) are also contenders, while earlier works such as Sir Thomas Malory's ''Morte d'Arthur'', and even the "Prologue" to Geoffrey Chaucer's ''Canterbury Tales'' have been suggested.〔J. A. Cuddon, ''A Dictionary of Literary Terms'' (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1984), pp. 433, 434.〕 Another important early novel is ''Gulliver's Travels'' (1726, amended 1735), by Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift, which is both a satire of human nature, as well as a parody of travellers' tales like ''Robinson Crusoe''.〔http://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/gullivers-travels/author/dean-swift/sortby/3/〕 The rise of the novel as an important literary genre is generally associated with the growth of the middle class in England.
Other major 18th century English novelists are Samuel Richardson (1689-1761), author of the epistolary novels ''Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded'' (1740) and ''Clarissa'' (1747-8); Henry Fielding (1707–54), who wrote ''Joseph Andrews'' (1742) and ''The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling'' (1749); Laurence Sterne (1713–68) who published ''Tristram Shandy'' in parts between 1759 and 1767;〔''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'', p. 947.〕 Oliver Goldsmith (?1730-74) author of ''The Vicar of Wakefield'' (1766); Tobias Smollett (1721–71) a Scottish novelist best known for his comic picaresque novels, such as ''The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle'' (1751) and ''The Expedition of Humphry Clinker'' (1771), who influenced Charles Dickens; and Fanny Burney (1752-1840), whose novels "were enjoyed and admired by Jane Austen," wrote ''Evelina'' (1778), ''Cecilia'' (1782) and ''Camilla'' (1796).〔''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'', ed Margaret Drabble. (Oxford: Oxford University Press,1996), p. 151.〕
A noteworthy aspect of both the 18th and 19th century novel is the way the novelist directly addressed the reader. For example, the author might interrupt his or her narrative to pass judgment on a character, or pity or praise another, and inform or remind the reader of some other relevant issue.
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